- Higher amount of absences (Johnston-Brooks, Lewis, Evans, & Whalen, 1998).

- Impairs attention and concentration (Erickson, Drevets, & Schulkin, 2003).

- Reduced creativity, memory and mental cognition  (Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 2001).

- Fewer social skills and skills in social judgment (Wommack & Delville, 2004).

- Lower amounts of motivation, determination, and effort (Johnson, 1981).

         - This is due to lack of supports, language discrepancies between lower and middle class, and a feeling of hopelessness 

- Increase in the likelihood of depression (Hammack, Robinson, Crawford, & Li, 2004).

- The social dysfunction might make it difficult for students to work in cooperative groups

- Students come to school with a more narrow range of appropriate emotional responses

        -This can cause more absences, undiagnosed disabilities

- Hard to be involved in after school programs, sports and clubs 

- Less likely to be advocated for in terms of gifted and talented instruction